Heaven
Many Christians pray daily that God's will be done, on
earth as it is in heaven.
Do we imagine heaven as operating with land monopoly
capitalism? Do the rooms in the mansion each
come with a rent bill based on the choiceness of their
location? Or do we dream of something better, more
just? How can we create heaven on earth, for
everyone? If we don't seek to do that, just what is it we
are praying for?
Henry George: The Condition of Labor
— An Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII in response to
Rerum Novarum (1891)
If when in speaking of the practical measures your
Holiness proposes, I did not note the moral injunctions
that the Encyclical contains, it is not because we do not
think morality practical. On the contrary it seems to us
that in the teachings of morality is to be found the
highest practicality, and that the question, What is
wise? may always safely be subordinated to the question,
What is right? But your Holiness in the Encyclical
expressly deprives the moral truths you state of all real
bearing on the condition of labor, just as the American
people, by their legalization of chattel slavery, used to
deprive of all practical meaning the declaration they
deem their fundamental charter, and were accustomed to
read solemnly on every national anniversary. That
declaration asserts that “We hold these truths to
be self-evident — that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness.” But what did this
truth mean on the lips of men who asserted that one man
was the rightful property of another man who had bought
him; who asserted that the slave was robbing the master
in running away, and that the man or the woman who helped
the fugitive to escape, or even gave him a cup of cold
water in Christ’s name, was an accessory to theft,
on whose head the penalties of the state should be
visited?
Consider the moral teachings of the Encyclical:
- You tell us that God owes to man an inexhaustible
storehouse which he finds only in the land. Yet you
support a system that denies to the great majority of
men all right of recourse to this storehouse.
- You tell us that the necessity of labor is a
consequence of original sin. Yet you support a system
that exempts a privileged class from the necessity for
labor and enables them to shift their share and much
more than their share of labor on others.
- You tell us that God has not created us for the
perishable and transitory things of earth, but has
given us this world as a place of exile and not as our
true country. Yet you tell us that some of the exiles
have the exclusive right of ownership in this place of
common exile, so that they may compel their
fellow-exiles to pay them for sojourning here, and that
this exclusive ownership they may transfer to other
exiles yet to come, with the same right of excluding
their fellows.
- You tell us that virtue is the common
inheritance of all; that all men are children of God
the common Father; that all have the same last end;
that all are redeemed by Jesus Christ; that the
blessings of nature and the gifts of grace belong in
common to all, and that to all except the unworthy is
promised the inheritance of the Kingdom of Heaven! Yet
in all this and through all this you insist as a moral
duty on the maintenance of a system that makes the
reservoir of all God’s material bounties and
blessings to man the exclusive property of a few of
their number — you give us equal rights in
heaven, but deny us equal rights on
earth!
It was said of a famous decision of the Supreme Court
of the United States made just before the civil war, in a
fugitive-slave case, that “it gave the law to the
North and the nigger to the South.” It is thus that
your Encyclical gives the gospel to laborers and the
earth to the landlords. Is it really to be wondered at
that there are those who sneeringly say, “The
priests are ready enough to give the poor an equal share
in all that is out of sight, but they take precious good
care that the rich shall keep a tight grip on all that is
within sight”? ... read the whole
letter
Rev. A. C. Auchmuty: Gems from George, a themed
collection of excerpts from the writings of Henry
George (with links to sources)
BUT is there not some line the recognition of which
will enable us to say with something like scientific
precision that this man is rich and that man is poor;
some line of possession which will enable us truly to
distinguish between rich and poor in all places and
conditions of society; a line of the natural mean or
normal possession, below which in varying degrees is
poverty, and above which in varying degrees is
wealthiness? It seems to me that there must be. And if we
stop to think of it, we may see that there is. If we set
aside for the moment the narrower economic meaning of
service, by which direct service is conveniently
distinguished from the indirect service embodied in
wealth, we may resolve all the things which directly or
indirectly satisfy human desire into one term service,
just as we resolve fractions into a common denominator.
Now is there not a natural or normal line of the
possession or enjoyment of service? Clearly there is. It
is that of equality between giving and receiving. This is
the equilibrium which Confucius expressed in the golden
word of his teaching that in English we translate into
"reciprocity." Naturally the services which a
member of a human society is entitled to receive from
other members are the equivalents of those he renders to
others. Here is the normal line from which what we call
wealthiness and what we call poverty take their start. He
who can command more service than he need render, is
rich. He is poor, who can command less service than he
does render or is willing to render: for in our
civilization of today we must take note of the monstrous
fact that men willing to work cannot always find
opportunity to work. The one has more than he ought to
have; the other has less. Rich and poor are thus
correlatives of each other; the existence of a class of
rich involves the existence of a class of poor, and the
reverse; and abnormal luxury on the one side and abnormal
want on the other have a relation of necessary sequence.
To put this relation into terms of morals, the rich are
the robbers, since they are at least sharers in the
proceeds of robbery; and the poor are the robbed. This is
the reason, I take it, why Christ, Who was not really a
man of such reckless speech as some Christians deem Him
to have been, always expressed sympathy with the poor and
repugnance of the rich. In His philosophy it was better
even to be robbed than to rob. In the kingdom of right
doing which He preached, rich and poor would be
impossible, because rich and poor in the true sense are
the results of wrong-doing. And when He said, "It is
easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle
than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven," He
simply put in the emphatic form of Eastern metaphor a
statement of fact as coldly true as the statement that
two parallel lines can never meet. Injustice cannot live
where justice rules, and even if the man himself might
get through, his riches — his power of compelling
service without rendering service — must of
necessity be left behind. If there can be no poor in the
kingdom of heaven, clearly there can be no rich. And so
it is utterly impossible in this, or in any other
conceivable world, to abolish unjust poverty, without at
the same time abolishing unjust possessions. This is a
hard word to the softly amiable philanthropists, who, to
speak metaphorically, would like to get on the good side
of God without angering the devil. But it is a true word
nevertheless. — The Science of Political
Economy
unabridged: Book II, Chapter 19, The Nature of Wealth:
Moral Confusions as to Wealth • abridged:
Part II, Chapter 15, The Nature of Wealth: Moral
Confusions as to Wealth
IT is the noblest cause in which any human being can
possibly engage. What, after all, is there in life as
compared with a struggle like this? One thing, and only
one thing, is absolutely certain for every man and woman
in this hall, as it is to all else of human kind —
that is death. What will it profit us in a few years how
much we have left? Is not the noblest and the best use we
can make of life to do something to make better and
happier the condition of those who come after us —
by warning against injustice, by the enlightenment of
public opinion, by the doing all that we possibly can do
to break up the accursed system that degrades and
embitters the lot of so many?
We have a long fight and a hard fight before us.
Possibly, probably, for many of us, we may never see it
come to success. But what of that? It is a privilege to
be engaged in such a struggle. This we may know, that it
is but a part of that great, world-wide, long-continued
struggle in which the just and the good of every age have
been engaged; and that we, in taking part in it, are
doing something in our humble way to bring on earth the
kingdom of God, to make the conditions of life for those
who come afterward, those which we trust will prevail in
heaven. — Thou
Shalt Not Steal
WHAT, when our time comes, does it matter whether we have
fared daintily or not, whether we have worn soft raiment
or not, whether we leave a great fortune or nothing at
all, whether we shall have reaped honors or been
despised, have been counted learned or ignorant —
as compared with how we may have used that talent which
has been entrusted to us for the Master's service? What
shall it matter; when eyeballs glaze and ears grow dull,
if out of the darkness may stretch a hand, and into the
silence may come a voice: —
Henry George: Thy
Kingdom Come (1889 speech)
Mr Abner Thomas, of New York, a
strict orthodox Presbyterian — and the son of Rev Dr
Thomas, author of a commentary on the bible —wrote a
little while ago an allegory. Dozing off in his chair, he
dreamt that he was ferried over the River of Death, and,
taking the straight and narrow way, came at last within
sight of the Golden City. A fine-looking old gentleman
angel opened the wicket, inquired his name, and let him in;
warning him, at the same time, that it would be better if
he chose his company in heaven, and did not associate with
disreputable angels.
“What!” said the
newcomer, in astonishment: “Is not this
heaven?”
“Yes,” said the warden:
“But there are a lot of tramp angels here
now."
“How can that be?” asked
Mr Thomas. “I thought everybody had plenty in
heaven.”
“It used to be that way some
time ago,” said the warden: “And if you wanted
to get your harp polished or your wings combed, you had to
do it yourself. But matters have changed since we adopted
the same kind of property regulations in heaven as you have
in civilised countries on earth, and we find it a great
improvement, at least for the better
class.”
Then the warden told the newcomer
that he had better decide where he was going to
board.
“I don’t want to board
anywhere,” said Thomas: “I would much rather go
over to that beautiful green knoll and lie
down.”
“I would not advise you to do
so,” said the warden: “The angel who owns that
knoll does not like to encourage trespassing. Some
centuries ago, as I told you, we introduced the system of
private property into the soil of heaven. So we divided the
land up. It is all private property now.”
“I hope I was considered in
that division?” said Thomas.
“No,” said the warden:
“You were not; but if you go to work, and are saving,
you can easily earn enough in a couple of centuries to buy
yourself a nice piece. You get a pair of wings free as you
come in, and you will have no difficulty in hypothecating
them for a few days board until you find work. But I should
advise you to be quick about it, as our population is
constantly increasing, and there is a great surplus of
labour. Tramp angels are, in fact, becoming quite a
nuisance.”
“What shall I go to work
at?” asked Thomas.
“Our principal industries are
the making of harps and crowns and the growing of
flowers,” responded the warden: “But there any
many opportunities for employment in personal
service.”
“I love flowers,” said
Thomas. “I will go to work growing them, There is a
beautiful piece of land over there that nobody seems to be
using. I will go to work on that.”
“You can’t do
that,” said the warden. “That property belongs
to one of our most far-sighted angels who has got very rich
by the advance of land values, and who is holding that
piece for a rise. You will have to buy it or rent it before
you can work on it, and you can’t do that
yet.”
The story goes on to describe how the
roads of heaven, the streets of the New Jerusalem, were
filled with disconsolate tramp angels, who had pawned their
wings, and were outcasts in Heaven itself.
You laugh, and it is ridiculous. But
there is a moral in it that is worth serious thought. Is it
not ridiculous to imagine the application to God’s
heaven of the same rules of division that we apply to
God’s earth, even while we pray that His will may be
done on earth as it is done in Heaven?
Really, if we could imagine it, it is
impossible to think of heaven treated as we treat this
earth, without seeing that, no matter how salubrious were
its air, no matter how bright the light that filled it, no
matter how magnificent its vegetable growth, there would be
poverty, and suffering, and a division of classes in heaven
itself, if heaven were parcelled out as we have parceled
out the earth. And, conversely, if people were to act
towards each other as we must suppose the inhabitants of
heaven to do, would not this earth be a very heaven?
... Read the
whole speech
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